{"id":3411,"date":"2021-06-03T08:00:43","date_gmt":"2021-06-02T22:30:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/?p=3411"},"modified":"2021-10-01T15:31:40","modified_gmt":"2021-10-01T06:01:40","slug":"explainer-the-electromagnetic-spectrum","status":"publish","type":[8014,8019],"link":"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/explainer-the-electromagnetic-spectrum\/","title":{"rendered":"Explainer: The Electromagnetic Spectrum"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row row_type=&#8221;row&#8221; use_row_as_full_screen_section=&#8221;no&#8221; type=&#8221;full_width&#8221; angled_section=&#8221;no&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; background_image_as_pattern=&#8221;without_pattern&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;5\/6&#8243;][vc_separator color=&#8221;white&#8221;][vc_column_text]<strong>You think you might know light, but there&#8217;s way more to it than meets the eye. Find out all the flavours that make up the electromagnetic spectrum in this explainer article and video.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This resource has a great explanation of how light works and the electromagnetic spectrum. The video suitable as an introduction to refraction for Year 5 students, and as a refresher and to illustrate the concept of wave models for Year 9. For more of an in-depth study, use the article with senior Physics students to learn about how we can explore space using light.<\/p>\n<p>The teacher resource at the bottom of the page includes a student research activity, an investigation planning task and questions for students.<\/p>\n<p>Word count \/ Video length: 2481 \/ 6:02 mins[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<a href=\"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Milky-Way_Multiwavelength_1920x1080.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-12874 size-full\" style=\"font-weight: bold;\" src=\"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Milky-Way_Multiwavelength_1920x1080.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Milky-Way_Multiwavelength_1920x1080.png 1920w, https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Milky-Way_Multiwavelength_1920x1080-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Milky-Way_Multiwavelength_1920x1080-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Milky-Way_Multiwavelength_1920x1080-1024x576.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Each image represents a 360\u00b0 false color view of the Milky Way within 10\u00b0 of the galactic plane. Credit: <a href=\"https:\/\/asd.gsfc.nasa.gov\/archive\/mwmw\/mmw_images.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA<\/a>.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<strong>There is a family, or spectrum, of waves<\/strong> that all share one thing in common: they travel at 300,000,000 ms<sup>-1<\/sup> in a vacuum. This is because they are all light waves (or particles \u2013 but we won\u2019t get into that right now), just not as we know it.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]When we think of light, we usually think of what we can see being emitted by the Sun, lightbulbs or our phone torches. We think of the colours of the rainbow from red through to violet. But there are actually many other wavelengths of light that are undetectable by the human eye. These make up the electromagnetic spectrum.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]We can detect these in other ways &#8211; for example, with our skin or using special cameras and telescopes. By using technology, we have been able to understand the huge range of light being emitted, reflected and refracted across the Universe which has taught us so much including what distant stars are made of, how the Universe began, and we can even get images from inside the body and treat some cancers using light.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]So let\u2019s have a closer look at the electromagnetic spectrum.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<figure>\n<div style=\"position: relative; display: block; max-width: 100%;\">\n<div style=\"padding-top: 56.25%;\"><iframe style=\"position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; left: 0px; width: 100%; height: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/players.brightcove.net\/5483960636001\/HJH3i8Guf_default\/index.html?videoId=5535097683001\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Join Dr Luke Davies from the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR) as he takes you through the ups and downs of light.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<h3>Visualising outer space with the electromagnetic spectrum<\/h3>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<h3>Gamma rays<\/h3>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<ul>\n<li>Wavelength range: &lt; 1&#215;10<sup>-12<\/sup> m<\/li>\n<li>Frequency range: 1&#215;10<sup>20<\/sup> \u2013 1&#215;10<sup>24<\/sup> Hz<\/li>\n<li>Speed of wave: 3&#215;10<sup>8<\/sup> ms<sup>-1<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Gamma rays are the highest energy waves in the electromagnetic spectrum with over one billion times more energy than visible light. This means they have a very short wavelength and a high frequency. They are usually produced when a radioactive nucleus decays or in cosmic events called gamma ray bursts.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Due to their high energy, they are called ionising radiation, which means they remove electrons from atoms when they interact. This leaves the atom with a positive charge and it will be more chemically reactive: this is both a good and bad thing.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]We can use gamma rays to sterilise medical equipment, store food detect leaks in oil pipelines and cause chemical changes in certain types of crystals to make them more valuable.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]However, the best-known application of gamma rays is to kill cancer cells. A beam of gamma rays can be targeted at a cancerous tumour; unfortunately, they often kill healthy cells at the same time, but medical researchers are trying to make this technology more accurate to better protect the patient. This is called radiotherapy. Gamma rays can also be used to detect cancer through gamma cameras. You can find out more about this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikilectures.eu\/w\/Therapeutic_use_of_gamma-rays\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here<\/a>.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Gamma rays are created by some of the most exotic objects in the Universe, like black holes, neutron stars and active galaxies. Scientists hope that by understanding gamma rays, they can learn how the laws of physics work in extreme environments. To do this, NASA developed the <a href=\"https:\/\/fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope<\/a>, which orbits Earth spotting gamma rays and detecting mysterious gamma-ray bursts. This information is then sent back to scientists on Earth who analyse and visualise the data.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<figure id=\"attachment_12867\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 640px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-12867 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Universe_Gamma_640x360.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Universe_Gamma_640x360.png 640w, https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Universe_Gamma_640x360-300x169.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Survey of the sky at energies above 1 GeV, collected by the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope in five years of observation (2009 to 2013). Credit: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Fermi_5_year_11000x6189.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<h3>X-rays<\/h3>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<ul>\n<li>Wavelength range: 1&#215;10<sup>-9<\/sup> \u2013 1&#215;10<sup>-12<\/sup> m<\/li>\n<li>Frequency range: 1&#215;10<sup>17<\/sup> \u2013 1&#215;10<sup>20<\/sup> Hz<\/li>\n<li>Speed of wave: 3&#215;10<sup>8<\/sup> ms<sup>-1<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]You might be familiar with X-rays if you have been unlucky enough to break a bone, but they are also part of the electromagnetic spectrum and have many more uses. They are also high energy waves \u2013 though not as energetic as gamma \u2013 and they were accidentally discovered in 1895 by a German scientist. A week after the discovery, he took an <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/X-ray#\/media\/File:First_medical_X-ray_by_Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen_of_his_wife_Anna_Bertha_Ludwig's_hand_-_18951222.gif\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">X-ray photograph<\/a> of his wife\u2019s hand which clearly showed her bones and wedding ring. He named it \u2018X\u2019 to indicate it was an unknown type of radiation.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]So how does an X-ray photograph work? Due to their high energies, X-rays pass straight through soft material, like body tissue and are absorbed by hard materials, like bone. During a scan, the X-rays are directed at the body onto a photographic film plate behind the body, and when the X-rays strike the film, it ionises and changes colour. If the X-rays are fully or partially absorbed by the body the film won\u2019t change colour, or it might only change slightly.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]X-rays are used in airport security scanners \u2013 and even in archaeology and art conservation, to learn about finds without having to open and potentially destroy them.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]X-rays are also used in astronomy. NASA\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/chandra.harvard.edu\/about\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chandra X-ray Observatory<\/a> was launched in 1999 and remains in a low-Earth orbit. X-rays are produced in space when matter is heated to millions of degrees, such as in areas of extreme gravity, strong magnetic fields or explosive forces. X-ray telescopes, like Chandra, can trace hot gas from exploding stars or even detect xX-rays emitted from matter swirling as close as 90 km from the event horizon of a black hole! Using Chandra, we can better understand the hot, turbulent regions of space to help us and learn more about the origin, evolution and destiny of the Universe.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<figure id=\"attachment_12868\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 640px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-12868 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Andromeda_X-ray_640x360.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Andromeda_X-ray_640x360.png 640w, https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Andromeda_X-ray_640x360-300x169.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">NASA&#8217;s Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array, or NuSTAR, has captured the best high-energy X-ray view yet of a portion of our nearest large galaxy, Andromeda. Credit: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/jpl\/Andromeda-Galaxy-Scanned-with-High-Energy-X-ray-Vision\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<h3>Ultraviolet<\/h3>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<ul>\n<li>Wavelength range: 4&#215;10<sup>-7<\/sup>\u2013 1&#215;10<sup>-9<\/sup> m<\/li>\n<li>Frequency range: 1&#215;10<sup>15<\/sup> \u2013 1&#215;10<sup>17<\/sup> Hz<\/li>\n<li>Speed of wave: 3&#215;10<sup>8<\/sup> ms<sup>-1<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Ultraviolet or UV light is the neighbour to the violet light we can see in the visible part of the spectrum. Since it has a higher frequency than violet light, it was called ultraviolet. It\u2019s also why we often think of it as having a glowing purple colour; it often emits visible wavelengths at the same time.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Although we cannot detect UV light with our eyes, our skin can detect it. It is UV light that changes the colour of our skin and makes us tan. We also use UV light in fluorescent lights, to kill germs in dirty water, and in blacklights which you might have experienced in nightclubs where your clothes glow without shining visible light on them.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]This is because when the UV light is shone onto something that is UV-sensitive, it is absorbed and then re-emitted as visible light, which is called fluorescence. Chemicals that fluoresce are in whitening laundry power to make your white clothes glow even brighter. It also has applications in security \u2013 tagging something with a UV-sensitive dye means the tag is invisible in normal situations but visible when UV light is shone on it. Currency often has UV markers printed on it \u2013 only genuine notes will have the correct marks under UV light.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Some animals have actually evolved to see UV light to help them survive in environments where there is little to no visible light. We know animals such as butterflies, reindeer, bees and scorpions can all do this, but there are lots more.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]The<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/hubble\/main\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Hubble Space Telescope<\/a> is one of the best-known UV detectors. It was launched by NASA in 1990 and orbits the Earth high above the clouds, light pollution and atmospheric distortions to ensure it gets a clear view of the Universe. Hubble has been serviced five times and new instruments have been added to it over the years to keep it at the cutting edge of space technology.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Over its lifetime, Hubble has made over 1.4 million observations, delivering stunning images of planets, stars, galaxies and other astronomical objects which have changed our understanding of the Universe. The telescope has tracked interstellar objects as they soared through our solar system, watched a comet collide with Jupiter, and discovered moons around Pluto. It has found dusty disks and stellar nurseries throughout the Milky Way that may one day become fully-fledged planetary systems and studied the atmospheres of planets that orbit other stars. Hubble has peered back into our Universe\u2019s distant past, to locations more than 13.4 billion light-years from Earth, capturing galaxies merging, probing the supermassive black holes that lurk in their depths, and helping us better understand the history of the expanding Universe.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<figure id=\"attachment_12869\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 640px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12869\" src=\"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Andromeda_Ultraviolet_640x360.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Andromeda_Ultraviolet_640x360.png 640w, https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Andromeda_Ultraviolet_640x360-300x169.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">In a break from its usual task of searching for distant cosmic explosions, NASA&#8217;s Swift satellite acquired the highest-resolution view of a neighbouring spiral galaxy ever attained in the ultraviolet. The galaxy, known as M31 in the constellation Andromeda, is the largest and closest spiral galaxy to our own. This mosaic of M31 merges 330 individual images taken by Swift&#8217;s Ultraviolet\/Optical Telescope. The image shows a region 200,000 light-years wide and 100,000 light-years high. Credit: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/multimedia\/imagegallery\/image_feature_1492.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA\/Swift\/Stefan Immler (GSFC) and Erin Grand (UMCP)<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<h3>Visible light<\/h3>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<ul>\n<li>Wavelength range: 4&#215;10<sup>-7<\/sup>\u20137.5&#215;10<sup>-7<\/sup>m<\/li>\n<li>Frequency range: 1&#215;10<sup>14<\/sup> \u2013 7.5&#215;10<sup>14<\/sup> Hz<\/li>\n<li>Speed of wave: 3&#215;10<sup>8<\/sup> ms<sup>-1<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Visible light has only been called visible light since we discovered that there were other types of electromagnetic radiation. Before that, it was the only known light![\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Sir Isaac Newton was the first person to demonstrate that white light was made up of all other colours of light and that those colours refracted by different amounts when he shone a light beam through a prism of glass.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]The most obvious use of visible light is vision. Humans can only see in the visible spectrum, with our most sensitive to green light at a wavelength of roughly 550 nanometres, or 5.5 x 10<sup>-7<\/sup>m. Visible light makes up a tiny, tiny portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]We also use visible light for photography, and for illumination of the areas that we live in. Most lasers use visible light, and they have many applications such as creating and reading CDs and DVDs, as well as less common uses such as range-finding in military software and surveying \u2013 that is, checking the level of ground before building a house, road or other large building projects.[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator type=&#8221;normal&#8221;][vc_column_text]\n<h3>Also: <a href=\"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/how-does-the-sun-make-such-pretty-colours\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">How does the Sun make such pretty colours at sunsets and sunrises?<\/a><\/h3>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator type=&#8221;normal&#8221;][vc_column_text]Visible light can pass right through our atmosphere, which is why astronomy is as old as humanity. Ancient humans could look up at the night sky and see the stars above them. Today, there is an army of ground-based telescope facilities for visible astronomy (also called optical astronomy). However, there are limits to ground-based optical astronomy. As light passes through the atmosphere, it is distorted by the turbulence in the air. Astronomers can improve their chances of a good image by putting observatories on mountain-tops, but there are still limits to how crisp their images will be, especially for faint sources.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Visible-light observatories in space avoid the turbulence of the Earth&#8217;s atmosphere. In addition, they can observe a somewhat wider portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, in particular ultraviolet light that is absorbed by the Earth&#8217;s atmosphere. The Hubble Space Telescope is perhaps the most famous optical telescope in orbit. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/kepler\/main\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kepler observatory<\/a> is another \u2013 it uses visible light to survey a portion of the Milky Way galaxy to discover planetary systems. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/swift\/main\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Swift satellite<\/a> also carries an <a href=\"https:\/\/swift.gsfc.nasa.gov\/about_swift\/uvot_desc.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UltraViolet and Optical Telescope<\/a> (the UVOT) to complement its observations of gamma-ray bursts.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<figure id=\"attachment_12870\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 640px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12870\" src=\"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Andromeda_Visible_horizontal_640x360.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Andromeda_Visible_horizontal_640x360.png 640w, https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Andromeda_Visible_horizontal_640x360-300x169.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">The Andromeda Galaxy is our nearest large galactic neighbour. It contains several hundred billion stars and is captured here at optical wavelengths. Hot stars shine with blue light, while cooler stars shine yellow. Credit: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2011\/01\/Andromeda_Galaxy_seen_in_visible_light\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ESA<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<h3>Infrared<\/h3>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<ul>\n<li>Wavelength range: 2.5&#215;10<sup>-5<\/sup>\u2013 2.5&#215;10<sup>-6<\/sup> m<\/li>\n<li>Frequency range: 1&#215;10<sup>13<\/sup> \u2013 1&#215;10<sup>14<\/sup> Hz<\/li>\n<li>Speed of wave: 3&#215;10<sup>8<\/sup> ms<sup>-1<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Infrared light was discovered by the astronomer William Herschel in 1800 when he passed white light through a prism and measured the temperature rise as each colour shone on a thermometer. To his surprise, a thermometer placed beyond the red end of the visible spectrum continued rising in temperature. This proved there was light beyond the visible, undetectable by the human eye.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Infrared is another type of light we can detect with our skin; we feel it as heat. It is emitted by hot objects and can be used in several ways. We can use it to cook our food and it makes up most of the energy we get from the Sun. Infrared radiation is also used in thermal imaging cameras, like those used by the military. The best ones can tell exactly what temperature a surface is, just by the wavelength of radiation emitted.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Since infrared radiation is easily absorbed by the atmosphere and other objects, it can be used for short-range communications such as remote controls or military radios without worrying about interference signals.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/spitzer\/main\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Spitzer Space Telescope<\/a> was launched by NASA to detect infrared radiation. It is made up of two major components: the cryogenic telescope assembly, which contains the 85 cm telescope and its scientific instruments and the spacecraft which controls the telescope, provides power and communicates with the Earth.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Spitzer&#8217;s highly sensitive instruments allow scientists to peer into cosmic regions that are hidden from optical telescopes, including dusty stellar nurseries, the centres of galaxies, and newly forming planetary systems. Spitzer&#8217;s infrared eyes also allow astronomers to see cooler objects in space, like failed stars (brown dwarfs), extrasolar planets, giant molecular clouds, and organic molecules that may hold the secret to life on other planets.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<figure id=\"attachment_12872\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 640px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-12872 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Andromeda_Infrared_640x360.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Andromeda_Infrared_640x360.png 640w, https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Andromeda_Infrared_640x360-300x169.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Spitzer Infrared image of Andromeda. Credit: <a href=\"https:\/\/svs.gsfc.nasa.gov\/vis\/a030000\/a030900\/a030990\/STScI-J-Andromeda_IR-1920x1080_print.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<h3>Microwave<\/h3>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<ul>\n<li>Wavelength range: 2.5&#215;10<sup>-5<\/sup>\u2013 1&#215;10<sup>-3<\/sup> m<\/li>\n<li>Frequency range: 3&#215;10<sup>11<\/sup> \u2013 1&#215;10<sup>13<\/sup>Hz<\/li>\n<li>Speed of wave: 3&#215;10<sup>8<\/sup> ms<sup>-1<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Microwaves are very familiar to us as the radiation that cooks our food. This (relatively) long wavelength, low-frequency type of light has increased in popularity in the last three decades.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Microwave ovens use microwaves to heat the water molecules inside food. If the food contains no water, a microwave will be far less effective at heating it. Similarly, if food is frozen, it will be heated far less until some of the ice melts and becomes water.[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator type=&#8221;normal&#8221;][vc_column_text]\n<h3>Also: <a href=\"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/cosmos-magazine-gravito-electromagnetism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Amazing Concept of Gravito-Electromagnetism<\/a><\/h3>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator type=&#8221;normal&#8221;][vc_column_text]In the last 20 years, there has been a huge increase in the use of microwaves for one particular application \u2013 mobile phones.\u00a0 Mobile phones use microwaves to communicate with their base stations. This alarms some people \u2013 if microwaves are used for heating, and they\u2019re also used for mobile phones, does that mean they heat your brain?! Relax \u2013 mobile phones use approximately 1000 times less power than a typical microwave oven, and they emit radiation in all directions, at different wavelengths.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Microwaves are also used for satellite communications and wi-fi. In the future, there are hopes that they\u2019ll be used to transmit power, from solar power stations in space, back down to Earth.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]The European Space Agency\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Enabling_Support\/Operations\/Planck\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Planck telescope<\/a> collects light from the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation which is a remnant of the Big Bang. Planck measures the temperature variations across this microwave background with much better sensitivity, angular resolution and frequency range than any previous satellite, giving astronomers an unprecedented view of our Universe when it was extremely young, just 300,000 years old.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<figure id=\"attachment_12873\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 640px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-12873 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Universe_CMB_Planck_640x360.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Universe_CMB_Planck_640x360.png 640w, https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Universe_CMB_Planck_640x360-300x169.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Cosmic Microwave Background radiation across the obeservable Universe as seen by Planck. It shows tiny temperature fluctuations that correspond to regions of slightly different densities, representing the seeds of all future structure: the stars and galaxies of today. Credit: <a href=\"https:\/\/sci.esa.int\/web\/planck\/-\/51738-cosmic-microwave-background-seen-by-planck\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ESA<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<h3>Radio waves<\/h3>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<ul>\n<li>Wavelength range: &gt; 1 mm<\/li>\n<li>Frequency range: &lt; 3&#215;10<sup>11<\/sup> Hz<\/li>\n<li>Speed of wave: 3&#215;10<sup>8<\/sup> ms<sup>-1<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]When we think of radio waves we instantly think of radios used to listen to music and communicate through. These use long wavelengths to carry the signals to aerials, which decode the signals into audio or TV pictures.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Radio waves were first predicted to exist in 1865 and then proved in 1887. Today, they are primarily used for communications and broadcasting. Each TV or radio station has a different frequency they broadcast their information from.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Radio waves are useful for communication because of their long wavelength. This allows the waves to diffract over hills and valleys and reflect from the Earth\u2019s ionosphere. They can reach around corners where other types of waves would not be able to.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]A lesser-known use of radio waves is in<a href=\"https:\/\/kids.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frym.2019.00023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> magnetic resonance imaging<\/a> (MRI), where the radio waves are used to oscillate atoms inside the human body.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]There are many radio telescopes on Earth, the largest of which is the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.skatelescope.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Square Kilometer Array<\/a> (SKA). This is an international project that will use thousands of dishes to monitor the sky in detail never before achieved. Astronomers will be able to survey the sky much faster than any current system, with an image resolution clearer than Hubble, even though the SKA is on Earth![\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Both<a href=\"https:\/\/www.skatelescope.org\/africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> South Africa\u2019s Karoo region<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.skatelescope.org\/australia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Western Australia\u2019s Murchison area<\/a> will co-host the array of radio telescopes, mainly because they are remote locations with \u2018radio quietness\u2019. This means there is very little noise from human-made radiowaves.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\n<figure id=\"attachment_12871\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 640px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12871\" src=\"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Andromeda_Radiowaves_horizontal_640x360.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Andromeda_Radiowaves_horizontal_640x360.png 640w, https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Image_Andromeda_Radiowaves_horizontal_640x360-300x169.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Cold hydrogen gas in the Andromeda disk emits radio waves (coloured yellow). There is less gas near the galaxy centre. Credit: <a href=\"http:\/\/hubble.stsci.edu\/explore_astronomy\/black_holes\/encyc_mod1_q9.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hubble<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]We can\u2019t learn about the Universe by looking at only one type of light. 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Find out all the flavours that make up the electromagnetic spectrum in this explainer article and &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/education.australiascience.tv\/explainer-the-electromagnetic-spectrum\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2922,"featured_media":12874,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"kt_blocks_editor_width":""},"categories":[4,8],"tags":[218,43,96,44,35,10,64,36,97,65,37,57,58,38,45,72,59,66,959,779,755,907,780,5039,107,108,6031,2985,5032,3789,328,5958,3687,3785,74,1985,329,4015,231,1581,958,1240,213,3588,7399,3585,3584,3799,3693,3686,3688,5030,330,2001,1169,1305,1769,1258,2493,3253,331,3950,332,750,816,827,751,825,6614],"year":[8012,8007,8009,8010,8011],"subject":[8026,8027],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v17.7.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Explainer: The Electromagnetic Spectrum - Education - RiAus<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"There\u2019s way more to light than meets the eye. 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